C Language Reference Manual

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

What This Manual Contains

Suggestions for Further Reading

Conventions Used in This Manual

2. An Overview of ANSI C

What Is ANSI C?

Helpful Programming Hints

Areas of Major Change

3. C Language Changes

Preprocessor Changes

Changes in Disambiguating Identifiers

Types and Type Compatibility

Function Prototypes

External Name Changes

Standard Headers

4. Lexical Conventions

Comments

Identifiers

Keywords

Constants

String Literals

Operators

Punctuators

5. Meaning of Identifiers

Disambiguating Names

Types

Objects and lvalues

6. Operator Conversions

Conversions of Characters and Integers

Conversions of Float and Double

Conversion of Floating and Integral Types

Conversion of Pointers and Integers

Conversion of Unsigned Integers

Arithmetic Conversions

Conversion of Other Operands

7. Expressions and Operators

Primary Expressions

Postfix Expressions

Unary Operators

Cast Operators

Multiplicative Operators

Additive Operators

Shift Operators

Relational Operators

Equality Operators

Bitwise AND Operator

Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator

Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator

Logical AND Operator

Logical OR Operator

Conditional Operator

Assignment Operators

Comma Operator

Constant Expressions

8. Declarations

Storage-class Specifiers

Type Specifiers

Structure and Union Declarations

Bitfields

Enumeration Declarations

Type Qualifiers

Declarators

Type Names

Implicit Declarations

typedef

Initialization

9. Statements

Expression Statement

Compound Statement or Block

Selection Statements

Iteration Statements

Jump Statements

Labeled Statements

10. External Definitions

External Function Definitions

External Object Definitions

A. Implementation-Defined Behavior

Translation (F.3.1)

Environment (F.3.2)

Identifiers (F.3.3)

Characters (F.3.4)

Integers (F.3.5)

Floating Point (F.3.6)

Arrays and Pointers (F.3.7)

Registers (F.3.8)

Structures, Unions, Enumerations, and Bitfields (F.3.9)

Qualifiers (F.3.10)

Declarators (F.3.11)

Statements (F.3.12)

Preprocessing Directives (F.3.13)

Library Functions (F.3.14)

Locale-Specific Behavior (F.4)

Common Extensions (F.5)

Index