Chapter 11. Reference
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## Chapter 11. Reference

This chapter contains reference information about the tools and commands that are a part of the desktop environment. It contains:

- “Anatomy of a Window”

- “About the Toolchests”

- “The Directory View Window: An Overview”

- “The Desks Overview Window: An Overview”

- “The Launch Window”

- “The Search Tool: An Overview”

- “The Icon Catalog: An Overview”

- “Anatomy of the Color Scheme Browser Window”

## Anatomy of a Window

Most of the windows that appear on your screen have standard fixtures. This section lists fixtures that you'll see on many different windows. Figure 11-1 shows a window and labels some of the common fixtures.

Figure 11-1. A window with the common fixtures labeled.

You can use the fixtures labeled in Figure 11-1 to manipulate windows in a variety of ways. See Chapter 8, “Managing Windows.”

| Note: Occasionally, you see a window that's missing these fixtures. Such a window is called a borderless window.

### The Title Bar

The title bar allows you to move, raise, and lower windows.

- Place the cursor in the title bar; then press the left mouse button and drag to move the window.

- Place the cursor in the title bar; then click the left mouse button to raise the window to the top of the stack of windows.

- Place the cursor in the title bar; then press the `<Ctrl>` key and left mouse button simultaneously to lower the window to the bottom of the stack of windows.

### The Window Menu Button

The Window menu button lets you access the Window menu and provides a shortcut for closing windows.

- Place the cursor over the button and press the left mouse button to see the Window menu.

- Double-click the button with the left mouse button to close the window.

### The Minimize Button

You click the Minimize button with the left mouse button to turn the window into a small, square icon. This doesn't close the window or stop any of the programs that are running. It turns it into an icon that takes up less screen space.

### The Maximize Button

You click the Maximize button with the left mouse button to make the window as large as it can be. Some windows become as large as the screen; others change only slightly. If a window doesn't change or becomes smaller when you click the Maximize button, the window was already at its largest size. To restore a maximized window to its original size, click the Maximize button again.

### The Border

You use the border in conjunction with the mouse buttons and keyboard keys to manipulate the window in a variety of ways:

- Place the cursor on the border; then press the right mouse button to open the Window menu.

- Place the cursor on the border. When you see a resize cursor, drag the mouse to resize the window.

- Place the cursor on the border; then press the middle mouse button and drag to move the window.

- Place the cursor on the border; then press the left mouse button to raise the window.

- Place the cursor on the border; then press the `<Ctrl>` key and left mouse button simultaneously to lower the window.

### The Scroll Bars

You can see windows with scroll bars along the left or right and top or bottom edge. These indicate that the window is too small to display all of its contents. Use the scroll bar to view hidden portions of the window.

### The Drop Pocket

A drop pocket is the small square into which you can drop icons. Here are several ways in which you can use drop pockets:

- Drag a folder icon and place it into the drop pocket on a Directory View window. The window displays the contents of that folder.

- Drag a file or application icon and place it in the drop pocket on a Directory View window. The window displays the contents of the directory in which that icon is stored. For example, suppose you drag the IRIS Showcase icon into the drop pocket. The window displays the contents of the `/usr/sbin` directory.

- Drag an IRIS Showcase icon and drop it into a drop pocket on the Search tool to specify the type of files you want to find—in this case, IRIS Showcase files.

You can also drag icons out of the drop pocket and place them onto the desktop, onto a shelf, or into the Icon Catalog.

### The Pathname Field

The pathname field shows the full pathname of the directory whose icon or contents are displayed in the window. You can type a new name in this field to display the contents of a different directory. See “Opening a Directory Using the Icon Finder.”

### The Path Bar

The path bar lets you move from one directory to another, without typing. It contains a small button representing each directory in the pathname. See Figure 11-2.

Figure 11-2. Using the path bar.

### The Recycle Button

The Recycle button keeps a list of names you have specified in a type-in field. For example, place the cursor over the Recycle button on a Directory View window; then press the left mouse button to see a list of directories whose contents you have previously displayed in the window. Choose an item from this list and the window changes to display the contents of that directory.

## About the Toolchests

The stack of toolchests appears in the upper left corner of the screen. It is similar to a phone book. It provides a listing of most all system functions and programs. Move the cursor over a label on a toolchest; then press the left or right mouse button to pop up a menu.

### The Desktop Toolchest

The Desktop toolchest contains commands that let you create and customize desks, open directories, adjust the volume, log out, and more.

#### The “Desks Overview” Command

The Desks Overview window shows you the available desks and lets you create and rearrange your own desks. Choose the “Desks Overview” command to open this window. See Chapter 7, “Using Desks,” for detailed instructions.

#### The “Home Directory” Command

The “Home Directory” command opens a Directory View window that shows the contents of your home directory. You can also open your home directory by double-clicking the folder icon that appears on the desktop.

#### The “Remote Directory” Command

If your system is on a network, you can open a directory on another system in the network. To do so, choose the “Remote Directory” command. A form appears into which you type the name of the directory you want to open. For more detailed instructions, see “Copying Files From One System to Another Using Directory View Windows.”

#### The “Customize” Command

The “Customize” rollover menu lists the control panels that you can use to customize the desktop—change the background or screen saver, adjust the mouse setting, and more.

#### The “Audio Control” Command

The “Audio Control” command opens the Audio Control Panel. Use this to adjust the volume.

#### The “Empty Dumpster” Command

Deleting files is a two-step process. You place the files in the dumpster; then you use the “Empty Dumpster” command to empty the dumpster. At this point, the files are permanently deleted from the system's disk.

#### The “Unix Shell” Command

The shell is the traditional interface to UNIX workstations. It is a window in which you type IRIX commands. To open a shell, choose the “Unix Shell” command. Also see Appendix A, “Using IRIX Commands.”

#### The “Log Out” Command

Choose the “Log Out” command when you are finished using the system and want to ready it for another user.

### The Selected Toolchest

The Selected toolchest contains commands that affect icons on the desktop. Select an icon on the desktop; then choose an item from the menu.

#### The “Open Icon” Command

The “Open Icon” command opens a selected icon and displays its contents in a window. If you open a folder icon, you see a Directory View window that shows the contents of that directory. If you open a file icon, you can edit or view the file.

#### The “Make Copy” Command

The “Make Copy” command makes a copy of the selected icon. The copy is named `copy_of_filename`. If the selected icon is on a shelf, the copy appears on the shelf and in the directory that contains the original icon. The same is true for the desktop and Icon Catalog. The copy appears on the desktop or the Icon Catalog page, as well as in the directory that contains the original icon.

#### The “Make Linked Copy” Command

The “Make Linked Copy” command makes a linked copy of the selected icon. A link lets you access an icon from several different places, and give it a unique name in each place. When you make a linked copy, a copy of the icon appears next to the original one. It's named `link_to_filename` and has an “L” next to the icon.

| Note: You do not need to make a linked copy to access an icon from several different places. You can place an icon on the desktop, on a shelf, or on a page in the Icon Catalog. Doing so gives you another reference to or place from which to access the icon. See also “Giving Yourself Easy Access to Icons” and “Understanding the Difference Between Referenced Icons and Linked Copies.”

#### The “Remove” Command

The “Remove” command removes the selected icon and places it in the dumpster directory. Placing a file in the dumpster is the first step to deleting the file from your computer's disk. See “Removing Files.”

| Note: You can change the behavior of the “Remove” command so that it deletes files rather than moving them into the dumpster. See “Disabling the Dumpster.”

#### The “Print” Command

The “Print” command sends the contents of the selected icon to your default printer. If you select a folder icon, you print a list of the files in that directory. If you select a file, you print the contents of the file (text or images, for example).

See also “Printing Files.”

#### The “New Directory” Command

The “New Directory” command creates a new directory labeled `empty.dir`. The folder icon appears in the window from which you choose the “New Directory” command. If you choose “New Directory” from the Selected toolchest, the folder icon appears on the desktop and is stored in your home directory. See also “Creating a Directory.”

#### The “File Permissions” Command

The “File Permissions” command displays a form that lets you control who can and cannot view or edit a file or directory. For detailed instructions on changing file permissions, see Chapter 9, “Sharing and Protecting Work.”

#### The “Get Info” Command

The “Get Info” command displays a form that shows detailed information about the selected file, folder, or application icon. The command is gray and inaccessible if you have selected another type of icon.

#### The “Find an Icon” Command

The “Find an Icon” command opens a window into which you can type the name of an icon you want to find. For example, suppose you want to place the IRIS Showcase icon on the shelf for a a particular Directory View window. Choose “Find an Icon”; then type `showcase` in the type-in field. The icon appears. For further details, see “Finding Icons Using the “Find an Icon” Command.”

#### The “Put Away Icon” Command

If you don't want an icon to appear on the desktop any longer, select the icon; then choose “Put Away Icon.” The icon disappears from the desktop but the file is not deleted.

The “Put Away Icon” command lets you take selected icons off of the desktop. See “Placing Frequently Used Icons on a Shelf” and “Putting Away an Icon.”

#### The “Show Path” Command

The “Show Path” command displays the folder in which that icon is actually located. For example, suppose you have the IRIS Showcase icon on a desktop. Select the icon; then choose “Show Path.” A folder named `sbin` appears, and a thin line connects the IRIS Showcase icon to this folder. To hide the folder icon, select the icon; then choose “Put Away Icon.”

#### The “Hide Path” Command

When you choose “Show Path,” a thin line appears between the selected icon and the folder in which it's stored. Choose “Hide Path” and the connecting line disappears. To put away the folder icon, select the icon; then choose “Put Away Icon.”

#### The “Empty Dumpster” Command

Deleting files is a two-step process. You place the files in the dumpster; then you use the “Empty Dumpster” command to empty the dumpster. At this point, the files are permanently deleted from the system's disk. See also “Removing Files.”

| Note: The “Empty Dumpster “command appears only when you select the dumpster icon on the desktop.

#### The “Share...” Command

The “Share...” command appears on the toolchest when you select a folder icon. Choose this command if you want to let people who are logged in to other systems on the network access the selected directory from their own desktops. The Share window appears. Click the Help button on the window for further instructions.

### The Find Toolchest

The Find toolchest contains a collection of tools that will help you find icons—file icons, application icons, and system icons, for example.

#### The “An Icon” Command

This command is equivalent to the “Find an Icon” command that appears on the Selected menu. It opens a window into which you can type the name of an icon you want to find. For example, suppose you want to place the IRIS Showcase icon on the shelf for a a particular Directory View window. Choose “Find an Icon”; then type `showcase` in the type-in field. The icon appears. For further details, see “Finding Icons Using the “Find an Icon” Command.”

#### The “Search For” Command

The Search tool lets you search for files, printers, tape and disk drives, users, and other systems on the network. Choose an item from the Search For rollover menu to open the Search tool and display a particular set of search controls.

#### The “Applications” Command

The Icon Catalog shows collections of applications and tools that are available on your system. Choose “Applications” to open the Icon Catalog and display the page that shows the available applications.

#### The “Collaboration” Command

The Icon Catalog shows collections of applications and tools that are available on your system. Choose “Collaboration” to open the Icon Catalog and display the page that shows the icons for applications that let you communicate with other users.

#### The “Demos” Command

The Icon Catalog shows collections of applications and tools that are available on your system. Choose “Demos” to open the Icon Catalog and display the page that shows the available demos.

#### The “Desktop Tools” Command

The Icon Catalog shows collections of applications and tools that are available on your system. Choose “Desktop Tools” to open the Icon Catalog and display the page that shows the available tools, such as calendars, clocks, and screen snapshot tools.

#### The “Media Tools” Command

The Icon Catalog shows collections of applications and tools that are available on your system. Choose “Media Tools” to open the Icon Catalog and display the page that shows the tools available for working with multimedia.

#### The “Control Panels” Command

The Icon Catalog shows collections of applications and tools that are available on your system. Choose “Control Panels” to open the Icon Catalog and display the page that shows the available control panels.

### The System Toolchest

The System toolchest contains commands that let you access the system management tools. See the Personal System Administration Guide for information on these tools and system administration tasks.

### The Help Toolchest

The Help toolchest contains a collection of online documents.

#### The “Desktop Help” Command

The “Desktop Help” command opens a window that contains a listing of system-level help. Choose this command when you need to perform a task but are uncertain which tool to use or how to begin.

#### The “Online Books” Command

The “Online Books” command opens the IRIS InSight Document Library. Once the IRIS InSight Document Library is open, you can type in a word or phrase and quickly find and open the books that contain the information you need. See the IRIS InSight online help for instructions.

#### The “Man Pages” Command

The “Man Pages” command opens a browser you use to view manual pages. A manual page, frequently called a “reference page (man page),” contains reference information about IRIX commands.

#### The “Release Notes” Command

The “Release Notes” command opens a browser you can use to view online release notes. Each software product has an associated release note. Typically, the release note contains installation information as well as a list of known bugs and ways to work around them.

#### The “Legal Notice” Command

The “Legal Notice” command opens a window that contains software copyright information.

## The Directory View Window: An Overview

Directory View windows appear when you open a folder icon. They display the files and directories that a particular directory contains. By default, the contents are displayed as icons. You can change the view so the icons are arranged as a list or in columns.

The main portion of each Directory View window is green. You can also display a blue portion of the window, which is called a shelf. The shelf is a place for you to put icons that you need to use frequently while working in that directory. For details, see “Placing Frequently Used Icons on a Shelf.”

## Anatomy of a Directory View Window

This section explains each portion of a Directory View window.

### The Toolbar

The toolbar appears along the left edge of the Directory View window. Click the buttons on the toolbar to change the way icons are displayed in the window.

#### The Display as Icons Button

Click this button to display the contents of a directory as icons. This button is equivalent to the “as Icons” command on the View menu.

#### The Display as List Button

When you open a folder icon, the contents of the directory appear as icons. Click this button to view the icons as a sorted list. This button is equivalent to the “as List” command on the View menu.

#### The Display in Columns Button

Click this button to organize the icons in a window into columns. This button is equivalent to the “as Columns” command on the View menu.

#### The Preview Images Button

If a directory contains image files, click this button and the file icon will be replaced with a small snapshot of the image. This button is equivalent to the “as Gallery” command on the View menu.

| Note: When you leave the directory, the icons revert to the standard image file icons. This allows the window to display more quickly the next time you open that directory.

#### The Display Shelf Button

Click this button to display a shelf along the bottom of the Directory View window. The shelf is a place for you to put icons that you need to use frequently while working in that directory. For example, if the directory contains many files, you might want to place the files you use most frequently on the shelf. Or, if the directory contains many color Showcase slides, you might want to place the icon for a color printer onto the shelf.

This button is equivalent to the “Shelf” command on the View menu.

#### The Thumbwheel

Use the thumbwheel to change the size of icons in that window. Place the cursor over the thumbwheel; then drag the cursor up to make the icons smaller or down to make the icons larger. To revert to the original size, click the small box below the thumbwheel.

### The Icon Finder

#### The Drop Pocket

The drop pocket is the small blue square to the left of the pink type-in field. When you place an icon in the drop pocket, the Directory View window changes.

- Drag a folder icon and place it in the drop pocket. The window displays the contents of that folder.

- Drag a file or application icon and place it in the drop pocket. The window displays the contents of the directory in which that icon is stored. For example, suppose you drag the IRIS Showcase icon into the drop pocket. The window displays the contents of the `/usr/sbin` directory.

You can also drag icons out of the drop pocket and place them onto the desktop, onto a shelf, or into the Icon Catalog.

#### The Pathname Field

The pathname field shows the list of directories that leads you from the root (/) directory to the directory whose contents are displayed in the window. You can type a new name in this field to display the contents of a different directory. See “Opening a Directory Using the Icon Finder.”

If your system is on a network, you can type the name of a remote directory. To do so, type `/hosts/remotesystemname` followed by the name of the directory you want to open. If the system is in a different domain of the network, include the domain name after the hostname. For example, to open the `/usr/tmp` directory on a system named `wizard.bldg2`, type: `/hosts/wizard.bldg2/usr/tmp`.

| Note: You cannot open remote directories in this fashion if `automount`, a system setting, is disabled. To check this setting, open a shell window by choosing “Unix Shell” from the Desktop toolchest. In the shell window, type: `chkconfig.` Look for the word “automount” in the left column. If automount is enabled, the word “on” appears in the right column. If it is disabled, the word “off” appears. Contact the Administrator if the setting needs to be changed.

#### The Path Bar

The path bar is the thin gray bar above the pathname field. It lets you move from one directory to another, without typing. It contains a small button representing each directory in the pathname. Click a button to display the contents of that directory. See Figure 11-3.

Figure 11-3. Using the path bar.

### The Match Name Field

The Match Name field appears when you choose “Filters” from the View menu. Use it to limit the number of icons you see in the Directory View window. For example, to display only files that begin with “d,” type `d`. To display only files that end in “.rgb,” type `*.rgb`.

### The Match Pattern Field

The Match Pattern field appears when you choose “Filters” from the View menu. Use it to display text files that contain a certain string of text. ASCII text files and mail files are searched; other document types are not searched.

### The Show All Button

The Show All button appears when you choose “Filters” from the View menu. Click it if you want to display all icons and ignore text in the Match Name and Match Content fields.

### The Scroll Bars

Scroll bars appear when a window is too small to display all of its contents. Drag the scroll bar to view the portions of the window that are hidden.

### The Window Sash

The window sash appears when you display the shelf on a Directory View window. It splits the window into two panes. Use the sash to make the shelf larger or smaller.

1. Place the cursor over the small box; then press the left mouse button and drag the cursor up and down.

   A line shows how you're resizing the window panes.

2. Release the mouse button. The window panes change size.

### The Shelf

The shelf is a place for you to put icons that you need to use frequently while working in a particular directory. For example, if the directory contains many files, you might want to place the files you use most frequently on the shelf. Or, if the directory contains many color Showcase slides, you might want to place the icon for a color printer onto the shelf. See “Placing Frequently Used Icons on a Shelf” for instructions.

### The Recycle Button

Place the cursor over the Recycle button; then press the left mouse button to see a list of directories whose contents you have displayed in the window. Choose an item from this list and the window changes to display the contents of that directory.

### About Menus on a Directory View Window

This section provides basic information on each menu and its commands. Click an item in the list to get information on a particular menu.

- “The Selected Menu on a Directory View Window”

- “The Arrange Menu on a Directory View Window”

- “The View Menu on a Directory View Window”

### The Selected Menu on a Directory View Window

Commands on the Selected menu affect the icons in the window that are selected. The selected icons are highlighted yellow. You can also access this menu by placing the cursor over the Directory View window, and then pressing the right mouse button.

#### The “Open Icon” Command

The “Open Icon” command opens a selected icon and displays its contents in a window. If you open a folder icon, you see a window that shows the contents of that directory. If you open a file icon, you can edit or view the file.

#### The “Make Copy” Command

The “Make Copy” command makes a copy of the selected icon. The copy is named `copy_of_filename`. If the selected icon is on a shelf, the copy appears on the shelf and in the directory to which the shelf is attached.

#### The “Make Linked Copy” Command

The “Make Linked Copy” command makes a linked copy of the selected icon. A link lets you access an icon from several different places, and give it a unique name in each place. When you make a linked copy, a copy of the icon appears next to the original one. It's named `link_to_filename` and has an “L” next to the icon.

| Note: You do not need to make a linked copy to access an icon from several different places. You can place an icon on the desktop, on a shelf, or on a page in the Icon Catalog. Doing so gives you another reference to or place from which to access the icon. See also “Giving Yourself Easy Access to Icons” and “Understanding the Difference Between Referenced Icons and Linked Copies.”

#### The “Remove” Command

The “Remove” command removes the selected icon from a directory and places it in the dumpster directory. Once an icon is in the dumpster, you can delete it by choosing “Empty Dumpster” from the Desktop toolchest.

| Note: You can change the behavior of the “Remove” command so that it deletes files rather than moving them into the dumpster. See “Disabling the Dumpster.”

#### The “Print” Command

The “Print” command sends the contents of the selected icon to your default printer. If you select a folder icon, you print a list of the files in that directory. If you select a file, you print the contents of the file (text or images, for example).

See also “Printing Files.”

#### The “New Directory” Command

The “New Directory” command creates a new directory labeled `empty.dir`. The folder icon appears in the window from which you choose the “New Directory” command. If you choose “New Directory” from the Selected toolchest, the folder icon appears on the desktop and is stored in your home directory. See also “Creating a Directory.”

#### The “Permissions” Command

The “Permissions” command displays a form that lets you control who can and cannot view or edit a file or directory. For detailed instructions on changing file permissions, see Chapter 9, “Sharing and Protecting Work.”

#### The “Get Info” Command

The “Get Info” command displays a form that shows detailed information about the selected file, folder, or application icon. The command is gray and inaccessible if you have selected another type of icon.

#### The “Find an Icon” Command

The “Find an Icon” command opens a window into which you can type the name of an icon you want to find. For example, suppose you want to place the IRIS Showcase icon on the shelf for a a particular Directory View window. Choose “Find an Icon”; then type `showcase` in the type-in field. The icon appears. For further details, see “Finding Icons Using the “Find an Icon” Command.”

#### The “Put Away Icon” Command

Each Directory View window has a shelf that you can choose to display and hide. The shelf is a place for you to put icons that you need to use frequently while in a particular directory. The “Put Away Icon” command lets you take icons off of the shelf. See “Placing Frequently Used Icons on a Shelf” and “Putting Away an Icon.”

#### The “Show Path” Command

Each Directory View window has a shelf that you can choose to display and hide. The shelf is a place for you to put icons that you need to use frequently while in a particular directory. Unlike a Directory View window, which shows only the icons actually stored in a particular directory, the shelf can contain a collection of icons that come from—are stored in—a variety of directories. The “Show Path” command displays the folder in which the icon on the shelf is actually located.

For example, suppose you have the IRIS Showcase icon on a shelf. Select the icon; then choose “Show Path.” A folder named `sbin` appears, and a thin line connects the IRIS Showcase icon to this folder. To hide the folder icon, select the icon; then choose “Put Away Icon.”

#### The “Hide Path” Command

When you choose “Show Path,” a thin line appears between the selected icon and the folder in which it's stored. Choose “Hide Path” and the connecting line disappears. To put away the folder icon, select the icon; then choose “Put Away Icon.”

#### The “Empty Dumpster” Command

The “Empty Dumpster “command appears when you select the dumpster icon. The command only appears on windows that contain the selected dumpster icon. For example, the dumpster icon appears in your home directory. Select the dumpster icon there, and the command appears on that Selected menu. Select the dumpster icon on the desktop, and “Empty Dumpster” appears on the Selected toolchest.

See also “Removing Files.”

#### The “Share...” Command

The “Share...” command appears on the menu when you select a folder icon. Choose this command if you want to let people who are logged in to other systems on the network access the selected directory from their own desktops. The Share window appears. Click the Help button on the window for further instructions.

### The Arrange Menu on a Directory View Window

The Arrange menu contains commands that change the way icons are sorted, or arranged, in the window.

#### The “by Name” Command

The “by Name” command arranges icons alphabetically; numerals, then capital letters, then lowercase letters.

#### The “by Date” Command

The “by Date” command arranges icons in the window according to the date on which they were last modified.

#### The “by Size” Command

The “by Size” command arranges icons in the window according to size (in bytes, from smallest to largest).

#### The “by Type” Command

The “by Type” command arranges icons by type.

#### The “to Grid” Command

The “to Grid” command snaps the icons to an invisible grid so they are in neat rows and columns.

### The View Menu on a Directory View Window

The View menu contains commands that change the way icons are placed in the window. Each command is equivalent to one of the buttons on the toolbar.

#### The “as Icons” Command

Choose the “as Icons” command to display the contents of a directory as icons scattered throughout the window.

#### The “as Columns” Command

Choose “as Columns” from the View menu to organize the icons in a window into columns. Only the icon name appears. Choose “as List” to see the size and modification date and time.

#### The “as List” Command

When you open a folder icon, the contents of the directory appear as icons. Choose the “as List” command to view the contents as a sorted list. The list includes

- the icon name. Tape and disk drive icons include the name of the system to which the device is connected. File icons include the full pathname so you know the directory in which the icon is stored.

- the size of the icon in bytes

- the date and time at which the icon was modified

Choose the “as Icons” command if you have changed the display and want to return to the default.

#### The “as Gallery” Command

If a Directory View window contains image files, choose “as Gallery” and each image file icon is replaced with a small snapshot of the image.

| Note: When you leave the directory, the icons revert to the standard image file icons. This allows the window to display more quickly the next time you open that directory.

#### The “Shelf” Command

The “Shelf” command displays a new area of the Directory View window. A checkmark appears next to the command when it's selected. The shelf is a place for you to put icons that you need to use frequently while working in a particular directory. For example, if the directory contains many files, you might want to place the files you use most frequently on the shelf. Or, if the directory contains many color Showcase slides, you might want to place the icon for a color printer onto the shelf. See “Placing Frequently Used Icons on a Shelf” for instructions.

#### The “Hidden Files” Command

Many IRIX configuration files are hidden by default. You do not see them in a Directory View window. These files are commonly called dot files because a “.” appears as the first character in the filename. Your `.login` and `.cshrc` files are examples of hidden files. You can choose to view or hide these files using the “Hidden Files” command. A checkmark next to the command indicates that the files are displayed in that Directory View window.

#### The “Filters” Command

The “Filters” command reveals a new set of controls in the Directory View window.

#### The “Preserve Layout” Command

Choose “Preserve Layout” if you want to maintain the same view of icons when you switch from one directory to another in a particular window. A red checkmark indicates it's activated. For example, suppose you're viewing the contents of your home directory as a list of icons. By default, if you change directories and view the `/usr/people` directory, you revert to the default view of icons. To retain the list view, choose “Preserve Layout.”

### Keyboard Shortcuts for Directory View Windows

Many commands in a Directory View window have both a keyboard and a mnemonic shortcut. Standard keyboard shortcuts are listed on the right side of the menu; mnemonic shortcuts are indicated by an underlined letter. The following table lists the keyboard and mnemonic shortcuts.

Table 11-1. Shortcuts for commands on Directory View windows.

Command | Keyboard Shortcut | Mnemonic
--- | --- | ---
“Open Icon” | <Ctrl>-o | <Alt>-s; o
“Make Copy” | <Ctrl>-c | <Alt>-s; c
“Make Linked Copy” |  | <Alt>-s; l
“Remove” |  | <Alt>-s; r
“Print” | <Ctrl>-p | <Alt>-s; p
“New Directory” |  | <Alt>-s; n
“Permissions” | <Ctrl>-e | <Alt>-s; e
“Get Info” | <Ctrl>-i | <Alt>-s; i
“Find an Icon” | <Ctrl>-f | <Alt>-s; f
“Put Away Icon” |  | <Alt>-s; a
“Show Path” |  | <Alt>-s; s
“Hide Path” |  | <Alt>-s; h
“by Name” |  | <Alt>-a; n
“by Date” |  | <Alt>-a; d
“by Size” |  | <Alt>-a; s
“by Type” |  | <Alt>-a; t
“to Grid” |  | <Alt>-a; g
“as Icons” |  | <Alt>-v; i
“as List” |  | <Alt>-v; l
“as Columns” |  | <Alt>-v; c
“as Gallery” |  | <Alt>-v; g
“Shelf” |  | <Alt>-v; s
“Ignore Layout” |  | <Alt>-v; i
“Click for Help” | <Shift>-<F1> | <Alt>-h; c

The following techniques also serve as shortcuts:

- Press the `<Ctrl>` key while dragging an icon to make a copy of the icon.

- Press the `<Alt>` key while double-clicking a folder icon to display the contents of the directory in the current window.

- Instead of double-clicking folder icons, enter the pathname of the directory you want to open in the pathname field at the top of a Directory View window.

## The Desks Overview Window: An Overview

The Desks Overview window provides the controls you need to use desks easily and effectively.

- The Desks Overview window displays a miniature picture or button that represents each desk. Double-click these to go from one desk to another; drag items between the snapshots to move or copy windows and icons from desk to desk.

- Use commands on the Overview window to change the way that desks are displayed in the window.

- Use commands on the Desks menu to create, rename, and delete desks.

- Use commands on the Window menu to manipulate windows on the desk.

## Anatomy of the Desks Overview Window

This section explains each portion of the Desks Overview window.

### The Desk Display Area

This area of the Desks Overview window displays a snapshot or button for each of your desks. Double-click a snapshot or button to go to that desk.

By default, desks are displayed as snapshots. The snapshot shows a miniature version of each window and icon on the desk. You can drag windows between the snapshots to move them from desk to desk. Additionally, you can move items on the screen by moving the miniature window in the snapshot.

The buttons are smaller than the snapshots. You can only use them to go from one desk to another. To display the desks as buttons, choose “Hide Snapshots” from the Overview menu.

You can resize the buttons or snapshots using the “Scaling” command on the Desk menu. See “Resizing Snapshots or Buttons” for details.

### The Global Desk

The global desk acts as a template for all other desks. Any windows that you place on the global desk will automatically appear on all of your desks. See “Placing a Window in All Desks” for details.

You can hide the global desk if you don't need to work with it frequently. To do so, choose “Hide Global Desk” from the Overview menu. To display it again, choose “Show Global Desk.”

### About Menus on the Desks Overview Window

This section provides basic information on each menu and its commands. Click an item in the list to get information on a particular menu.

- “The Overview Menu”

- “The Desk Menu”

- “The Window Menu”

### The Overview Menu

The Overview menu contains commands for changing the appearance of the Desks Overview window. Click an item in the list for details on that command.

- “The “Hide Menubar/Show Menubar” Command”

- “The “Hide Global Desk/Show Global Desk Command”

- “The “Show Snapshots/Hide Snapshots” Command”

- “The “Display Window Name” Command”

- “The “Display Icon Name” Command”

- “The “Display No Names” Command”

- “The “Quit” Command”

#### The “Hide Menubar/Show Menubar” Command

- Choose the “Hide Menubar” command to make the menu bar disappear. When the menu bar is hidden, you can make the Desks Overview window slightly smaller.

  You can still access the menus via a pop-up menu. Place the cursor in the window; then press the right mouse button to reveal a pop-up menu.

- Choose the “Show Menubar” command to show the menu bar again.

#### The “Hide Global Desk/Show Global Desk Command

By default, a snapshot of the global desk appears in the Desks Overview window. If you don't need to use this desk frequently, choose “Hide Global Desk.” To show the global desk again, choose “Show Global Desk.”

#### The “Show Snapshots/Hide Snapshots” Command

- Choose “Hide Snapshots” to display each desk as a button in the Desks Overview window.

- Choose “Show Snapshots” to display each desk as a snapshot in the Desks Overview window. A snapshot is a small picture that contains a miniature version of each window on the desk. You can drag windows from one snapshot to another to copy and move windows from desk to desk.

#### The “Display Window Name” Command

By default, a snapshot for each desk appears in the Desks Overview window. When you pass the cursor over a window in the snapshot, the name of the window appears. Choose “Display Window Name” if you want to display the name that appears in the title bar of the window.

#### The “Display Icon Name” Command

By default, a snapshot for each desk appears in the Desks Overview window. When you pass the cursor over a window in the snapshot, the name of the window appears. Choose “Display Icon Name” if you want to see the name that appears on the window when it is minimized or stowed.

#### The “Display No Names” Command

By default, a snapshot for each desk appears in the Desks Overview window. When you pass the cursor over a window in the snapshot, the name of the window appears. Choose “Display No Names” if you don't want these names to appear.

#### The “Quit” Command

Choose the “Quit” command when you are finished using the Desks Overview window. The window disappears from all of your desks.

### The Desk Menu

The Desk menu contains commands that let you create new desks, copy, rename, and delete desks, and make the contents of the Desks Overview window smaller or larger. Click an item in the list for details on that command.

- “The “New Desk” Command”

- “The “Copy Selected” Command”

- “The “Rename Selected” Command”

- “The “Goto Selected” Command”

- “The “Delete Selected” Command”

- “The “Scaling” Command”

#### The “New Desk” Command

Choose the “New Desk” Command when you want to create a new desk. A new desk appears in the Desks Overview window; it's labeled “Desk #.” For instance, suppose you have three existing desks. Create a new desk and it's named “Desk 4.”

See “Renaming a Desk” to learn how to rename the desk. See “Creating a Desk” to get step-by-step instructions for creating a new desk.

#### The “Copy Selected” Command

Select a desk in the Desks Overview window; then choose the “Copy Selected” command to copy an existing desk. Step-by-step instructions follow.

1. Place the cursor over a desk in the Desks Overview window; then click the left mouse button to select it. A yellow outline surrounds the selected desk.

2. Choose “Copy Selected” from the Desks menu. A copy of the desk appears in the Desks Overview window. The label “Copy of” is added to the beginning of the desk name.

   See “Renaming a Desk” to learn how to rename the desk.

#### The “Rename Selected” Command

Select a desk in the Desks Overview window; then choose the “Rename Selected” command to rename a desk. “Renaming a Desk” provides step-by-step instructions.

#### The “Goto Selected” Command

Select a desk in the Desks Overview window; then choose the “Goto Selected” command to switch to that desk. See “Switching Between Desks” for more details.

#### The “Delete Selected” Command

Select a desk in the Desks Overview window; then choose the “Delete Selected” command to delete the desk. The desk disappears from the Desks Overview window.

#### The “Scaling” Command

The commands on the Scaling rollover menu let you make the snapshots or buttons in the Desks Overview window smaller or larger. The first five commands—6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, and 10%—are pre-defined. The last command, “Custom,” lets you choose a custom setting. The percentage you choose appears next to the “User defined” command. “Resizing Snapshots or Buttons” provides step-by-step instructions.

### The Window Menu

The commands on the Window menu let you manipulate windows—get a list of all the windows, minimize the windows, and more. Click an item in the list for details on that command.

- “The “List All...” Command”

- “The “Restore All” Command”

- “The “Minimize All” Command”

- “The “Add to Global” Command”

- “The “Remove from Desk” Command”

- “The “Minimize” Command”

- “The “Restore” Command”

- “The “Raise” Command”

- “The “Lower” Command”

#### The “List All...” Command

Choose the “List All...” command to get a list of all the windows that are open. You can use this list to copy a window to your current desk. See “Listing All the Windows in Your Desks” for details

#### The “Restore All” Command

Choose “Restore All” to open all of the minimized windows in the current desk.

#### The “Minimize All” Command

Choose “Minimize All” to minimize all of the windows in your current desk. When you minimize a window, you turn it into a small square that takes up little screen space. To return the windows to their original size, choose “Restore All.”

#### The “Add to Global” Command

Select a window on one of the desks in the Desks Overview window; then choose the “Add to Global” command to place the selected window on the global desk. Placing a window on the global desk makes it appear on all desks. See “Placing a Window in All Desks” for details.

#### The “Remove from Desk” Command

“Copying Windows Between Desks” explains how you can copy a window from one desk to another. To remove the window from one desk, select the window in the Desks Overview display; then choose “Remove from Desk.” If you close the window, you make the window disappear from all desks.

#### The “Minimize” Command

Select a window on one of the desks in the Desks Overview window; then choose the “Minimize” command to turn the window into a small square that takes up little screen space.

#### The “Restore” Command

Select a minimized window on one of the desks in the Desks Overview window; then choose the “Restore” command to open the window again.

#### The “Raise” Command

Select a window on one of the desks in the Desks Overview window; then choose the “Raise” command. This pops the window to the top; the entire window is visible.

#### The “Lower” Command

Select a window on one of the desks in the Desks Overview window; then choose the “Lower” command. The window jumps to the bottom of the stack of windows and exposes the windows that were beneath it.

### The List All Window

The List All window shows you a list of open windows. Double-click an item in the list to move that window onto your current desk.

“Window Names” and “Icon Names” determine what name appears in the list of open windows. Click “Window Names” to display the name that appears in the title bar of the window; click “Icon Names” to display the name that appears on the window when it is minimized.

The list contains all open windows. Use the scroll bars to view portions of the list that are hidden. Click an item in the list to select it; double-click an item to display that window in your current desk.

The Selection area displays the name of the item in the selected item in the list. If you know the name of the window you want to open, you can type it here.

Press the OK button to copy the selected window to your current desk, and close the List All window.

Press the Apply button to copy the selected window to your current desk, and keep the List All window open.

Press the Cancel button to close the window without making any changes.

| Note: The List All window provides a list of the windows that are open when you choose the “List All...” command. The list does not change if you open and close windows while the List All window is open.

### Keyboard Shortcuts for Desks Overview Commands

Most commands in the Desks Overview window have both a keyboard and a mnemonic shortcut. Standard keyboard shortcuts are listed on the right side of the menu; mnemonic shortcuts are indicated by an underlined letter. The following table lists the keyboard and mnemonic shortcuts for the Desks Overview window.

Table 11-2. Shortcuts for commands on the Desks Overview window.

Command | Keyboard Shortcut | Mnemonic
--- | --- | ---
“Hide Menubar/Show Menubar” |  | <Alt>-o; m
“Show Global Desk/Hide Global Desk” |  | <Alt>-o; g
“Show Snapshots/Hide Snapshots” |  | <Alt>-o; s
“Display Window Name” |  | <Alt>-o; w
“Display Icon Name” |  | <Alt>-o; i
“Display No Names” |  | <Alt>-o; n
“Quit” | <Ctrl>-q | <Alt>-o; q
“New Desk” | <Ctrl>-n | <Alt>-d; n
“Copy Selected” | <Ctrl>-c | <Alt>-d; c
“Rename Selected” | <Ctrl>-r | <Alt>-d; r
“Goto Selected” | <Ctrl>-o | <Alt>-d; g
“Delete Selected” |  | <Alt>-d; d
“Scaling” |  | <Alt>-d; s
“6%” |  | <Alt>-d; s; 6
“7%” |  | <Alt>-d; s; 7
“8%” |  | <Alt>-d; s; 8
“9%” |  | <Alt>-d; s; 9
“10%” |  | <Alt>-d; s; 10
“User defined” |  | <Alt>-d; u
“Custom” |  | <Alt>-d; s; c
“List All...” | <Ctrl>-l | <Alt>-w; l
“Restore All” | <Ctrl>-a | <Alt>-w; r
“Minimize All” | <Ctrl>-m | <Alt>-w; n
“Add to Global” | <Ctrl>-g | <Alt>-w; g
“Remove from Desk” | <Ctrl>-d | <Alt>-w; d
“Minimize” | <Ctrl>-s | <Alt>-w; m
“Restore” | <Ctrl>-e | <Alt>-w; e
“Raise” |  | <Alt>-w; a
“Lower” |  | <Alt>-w; o
“Click for Help” | <Shift>-<F1> | <Alt>-h; c

## The Launch Window

The Launch window appears when you press the < `Alt`> key while double-clicking an application icon. Use this window to specify a command line option for an application. See “Running Applications With Command Line Options” for a step-by-step example.

## The Search Tool: An Overview

The Search tool helps you find icons that you want to use. You can use the Search tool to find

- icons for files and directories

- icons for printers, tape drives, and disk drives that are connected to your system or another system on the network

- icons that represent other systems on your network

- icons that represent other system users

The controls for performing each type of search are stored on a page. By default the Search tool contains six pages—one each for finding files, tape drives, disk drives, printers, users, and other systems on the network. These pages are listed on the Find toolchest.

## Anatomy of the Search Tool

This section explains the menus and the results area of the Search tool.

### The Results Area

The lower portion of the Search Catalog window displays icons that meet the search criteria. Double-click to open an icon. If you want easy access to any of these icons, drag them onto the desktop, onto a shelf, or onto a page in the Icon Catalog.

Use commands on the Arrange and View menus to change the way these icons are sorted and displayed. Use commands on the Selected menu to manipulate these icons—copy them or print them, for example.

### The Page Display Area

The page display area shows a tab for each page in the Search tool. You can click a tab to move from one page to another. Some of the tabs might not fit in the space provided. When this happens, a stack of unnumbered tabs appears at the left or right edge of the tab display area. To turn to a page whose tab is hidden:

1. Place the cursor over the stack of unnumbered tabs; then press the left mouse button.

2. Choose a page number from the menu that appears.

### The Display as Icons Button

Click this button to display the results of a search as icons. This button is equivalent to the “as Icons” command on the View menu.

### The Display as List Button

The results of a search are displayed as icons by default. Click this button to view the icons as a sorted list. This button is equivalent to the “as List” command on the View menu.

### The Display in Columns Button

Click this button to organize the icons in a window into columns. This button is equivalent to the “as Columns” command on the View menu.

### The Preview Images Button

If the search results contain image files, click this button and the file icon will be replaced with a small snapshot of the image. This button is equivalent to the “as Gallery” command on the View menu.

### The Thumbwheel

Use the thumbwheel to change the size of icons in that window. Place the cursor over the thumbwheel; then drag the cursor up to make the icons smaller or down to make the icons larger. To revert to the original size, click the small box below the thumbwheel.

### About the Search Tool Menus

This section provides basic information on each menu and its commands. Click an item in the list to get information on a particular menu.

- “The Page Menu on the Search Tool”

- “The Selected Menu on the Search Tool”

- “The Arrange Menu on the Search Tool”

- “The View Menu on the Search Tool”

- “The Match Menu on the Search Tool”

### The Page Menu on the Search Tool

The controls for performing a specific type of search are stored on a page. By default the Search tool contains six pages—one each for finding files, tape drives, disk drives, printers, system users, and other systems on the network. You use commands on the Page menu to move from page to page, remove pages, and create and save custom searches.

Choose a command name from the list below for more details:

- “The “New” Command”

- “The “Rename” Command”

- “The “Remove” Command”

- “The “Page up” Command”

- “The “Page down” Command”

- “The “Quit” Command”

#### The “New” Command

By default, the “New” rollover menu contains six commands: “File Search,” “Printer Search,” “Person Search,” “Host Search,” “Tape Drive Search,” and “Disk Drive Search.” Choose one of these commands when you want to create a custom search and save it on a page in the Search tool.

A new page appears. Choose “Rename” to specify a new name for the page.

#### The “Rename” Command

Turn to a page in the Search tool; then choose the “Rename” command to rename a page. A window appears into which you type the new page name. The title bar and tab change to display the new name.

The name you choose must be a valid file name. Use only letters, numbers, and underscores. Avoid inserting blank spaces between words or use characters.

| Note: You cannot change the name of default pages.

#### The “Remove” Command

Choose the “Remove” command to delete the page you are currently displaying. A notifier appears asking if you are certain that you want to delete the page.

#### The “Page up” Command

Choose the “Page up” command to display the previous set of search controls.

#### The “Page down” Command

Choose the “Page down” command to display the next set of search controls.

#### The “Quit” Command

Choose the “Quit” command when you are finished using the Search tool. The window disappears.

### The Selected Menu on the Search Tool

The lower portion of the Search tool displays the results of a search. Commands on the Selected menu affect the selected icons. You can also access this menu by placing the cursor over the Search window, and then pressing the right mouse button.

Choose a command name from the list below for more details:

- “The “Open Icon” Command”

- “The “Make Copy” Command”

- “The “Make Linked Copy” Command”

- “The “Remove” Command”

- “The “Print” Command”

- “The “Permissions” Command”

- “The “Get Info” Command”

- “The “Find an Icon” Command”

- “The “Put Away Icon” Command”

- “The “Show Path” Command”

- “The “Hide Path” Command”

#### The “Open Icon” Command

The “Open Icon” command opens a selected icon and displays its contents in a window. If you open a folder icon, you see a window that shows the contents of that directory. If you open a file icon, you can edit or view the file.

#### The “Make Copy” Command

The “Make Copy” command makes a copy of the selected file, folder, or application icon. The copy is named `copy_of_filename`. It appears on the page, next to the original icon and is actually stored in your home directory. For example, suppose the file is named `copy_of_invite`. The full pathname for the file is `/usr/people/yourname/copy_of_invite`.

#### The “Make Linked Copy” Command

The “Make Linked Copy” command makes a linked copy of the selected file, folder, or application icon. A link lets you access an icon from several different places, and give it a unique name in each place.

When you make a linked copy, a copy of the icon appears next to the original one. It's named `link_to_filename` and has an “L” next to the icon. The linked copy appears on the page, next to the original icon, and also appears on the desktop and in your home directory.

| Note: You do not need to make a linked copy to access an icon from several different places. You can place an icon on the desktop, on a shelf, or on a page in the Icon Book. Doing so gives you another place from which to access the icon. See also “Giving Yourself Easy Access to Icons” and “Making a Linked Copy.”

#### The “Remove” Command

The “Remove” command removes the selected icon from a directory and places it in the dumpster directory. Placing a file in the dumpster is the first step in deleting the file from your computer's disk. See “Removing Files.”

| Note: You can change the behavior of the “Remove” command so that it deletes files rather than moving them into the dumpster. See “Disabling the Dumpster.”

#### The “Print” Command

The “Print” command sends the contents of the selected icon to your default printer. If you select a folder icon, you print a list of the files in that directory. If you select a file, you print the contents of the file (text or images, for example).

See also “Printing Files.”

#### The “Permissions” Command

The “Permissions” command displays a form that lets you control who can and cannot view or edit a file or directory. For detailed instructions on changing file permissions, see Chapter 9, “Sharing and Protecting Work.”

#### The “Get Info” Command

The “Get Info” command displays a form that shows detailed information about the selected file, folder, or application icon. The command is gray and inaccessible if you have selected another type of icon.

#### The “Find an Icon” Command

The “Find an Icon” command opens a window into which you can type the name of an icon you want to find. For example, suppose you want to place the IRIS Showcase icon on the shelf for a a particular Directory View window. Choose “Find an Icon”; then type `showcase` in the type-in field. The icon appears. For further details, see “Finding Icons Using the “Find an Icon” Command.”

#### The “Put Away Icon” Command

If you don't want an icon to appear in the Search tool any longer, select the icon; then choose “Put Away Icon.” The icon disappears from the results area but is not deleted.

#### The “Show Path” Command

The “Show Path” command displays the folder in which an icon in the results area is actually located. For example, suppose the IRIS Showcase icon appears in the results area. Select the icon; then choose “Show Path.” A folder named `sbin` appears, and a thin line connects the IRIS Showcase icon to this folder. To hide the folder icon, select the icon; then choose “Put Away Icon.”

#### The “Hide Path” Command

When you choose “Show Path,” a thin line appears between the selected icon and the folder in which it's stored. Choose “Hide Path” and the connecting line disappears. To put away the folder icon, select the icon; then choose “Put Away Icon.”

#### The “Share...” Command

The “Share...” command appears on the menu when you select a folder icon. Choose this command if you want to let people who are logged in to other systems on the network access the selected directory from their own desktops. The Share window appears. Click the Help button on the window for further instructions.

### The Arrange Menu on the Search Tool

The Arrange menu contains commands that change the way icons are sorted, or arranged, in the window. Choose a command name from the list below for more details:

- “The “by Name” Command”

- “The “by Date” Command”

- “The “by Size” Command”

- “The “by Type” Command”

- “The “to Grid” Command”

#### The “by Name” Command

The “by Name” command arranges icons alphabetically: numerals, then capital letters, then lowercase letters.

#### The “by Date” Command

The “by Date” command arranges file icons in the window according to the date on which they were last modified.

#### The “by Size” Command

The “by Size” command arranges file icons in the window according to size (in bytes, from smallest to largest).

#### The “by Type” Command

The “by Type” command arranges file icons by type.

#### The “to Grid” Command

The “to Grid” command snaps the icons to an invisible grid so they are in neat rows and columns.

### The View Menu on the Search Tool

The View menu contains commands that change the way icons are placed in the window. Choose a command name from the list below for more details:

- “The “as Icons” Command”

- “The “as Columns” Command”

- “The “as List” Command”

- “The “as Gallery” Command”

#### The “as Icons” Command

Choose the “as Icons” command to display the contents of a directory as icons scattered throughout the window.

#### The “as Columns” Command

Choose “as Columns” from the View menu to organize the icons in a window into columns. Only the icon name appears. Choose “as List” to see the size and modification date and time for files.

#### The “as List” Command

By default, the results of a search are presented as a list of icons. The list includes

- the icon name. Tape and disk drive icons include the name of the system to which the device is connected. File icons include the full pathname so you know the directory in which the icon is stored.

- the size of the icon in bytes

- the date and time at which the icon was modified

Choose the “as Icons” command if you have changed the display and want to return to the default.

#### The “as Gallery” Command

Choose “as Gallery” to replace the standard image file icon with a small snapshot of that image.

#### The “Show Query” Command

When you choose “Show Query,” the search controls disappear; you see only the results area. To display the search controls, choose “Show Query” again.

### The Match Menu on the Search Tool

When you choose a command from the Match menu, a new set of search controls appears in the window. You use these to narrow your search. For example, instead of finding all available printers, you can specify that you want to find the available color printers.

The commands on this menu vary depending on the type of item for which you search—a file, printer, tape drive, disk drive, user, or system.

### Keyboard Shortcuts for the Search Tool

Many commands on Search tool menus have both a keyboard and a mnemonic shortcut. Standard keyboard shortcuts are listed on the right side of the menu; mnemonic shortcuts are indicated by an underlined letter. The following table lists the keyboard and mnemonic shortcuts.

Table 11-3. Shortcuts for commands on the Search tool.

Command | Keyboard Shortcut | Mnemonic
--- | --- | ---
“New” |  | <Alt>-p; n
“Rename” |  | <Alt>-p; r
“Remove” |  | <Alt>-p; e
“Page Up” | <Page Up> | <Alt>-p; u
“Page Down” | <Page Down> | <Alt>-p; d
“Quit” | <Ctrl>-q | <Alt>-p; q
“Open Icon” | <Ctrl>-o | <Alt>-s; o
“Make Copy” | <Ctrl>-c | <Alt>-s; c
“Make Linked Copy” |  | <Alt>-s; l
“Remove” |  | <Alt>-s; e
“Print” | <Ctrl>-p | <Alt>-s; p
“Permissions” | <Ctrl>-s | <Alt>-s; s
“Get Info” | <Ctrl>-i | <Alt>-s; i
“Find an Icon” | <Ctrl>-f | <Alt>-s; f
“Put Away Icon” |  | <Alt>-s; a
“Show Path” |  | <Alt>-s;s
“Hide Path” |  | <Alt>-s; h
“by Name” |  | <Alt>-a; n
“by Date” |  | <Alt>-a; d
“by Size” |  | <Alt>-a; s
“by Type” |  | <Alt>-a; t
“to Grid” |  | <Alt>-a; g
“as Icons” |  | <Alt>-v; i
“as List” |  | <Alt>-v; l
“as Columns” |  | <Alt>-v; c
“as Gallery” |  | <Alt>-v; g
“Show Query” |  | <Alt>-v; q
“Click for Help” | <Shift>-<F1> | <Alt>-h; c

## The Icon Catalog: An Overview

The Icon Catalog shows collections of applications and tools that are available on your system. You can

- browse through the icons to see what applications are available

- run applications by double-clicking their icons

- find icons you want to use; then drag them onto the desktop or onto a shelf so they are easily accessible

- create your own collection of icons. For example, suppose you use a combination of programs to create and edit movies. You can create a new page; then place icons for these tools onto that page.

Each collection is stored on a separate page. If you want to create your own collection of icons, you can add pages to the Icon Catalog.

### The Page Display Area

The page display area shows a tab for each page in the Icon Catalog. You can click a tab to move from one page to another. Some of the tabs might not fit in the space provided. When this happens, a stack of unnumbered tabs appears at the left or right edge of the tab display area. To turn to a page whose tab is hidden:

1. Place the cursor over the stack of unnumbered tabs; then press the left mouse button.

2. Choose a page number from the menu that appears.

### The Display as Icons Button

Click this button to display the contents of the Icon Catalog as icons. This button is equivalent to the “as Icons” command on the View menu.

### The Display as List Button

When you open the Icon Catalog, the contents of the window appear as icons. Click this button to view the icons as a sorted list. This button is equivalent to the “as List” command on the View menu.

### The Display in Columns Button

Click this button to organize the icons in a window into columns. This button is equivalent to the “as Columns” command on the View menu.

### The Preview Images Button

If the Icon Catalog contains image files, click this button and the file icon will be replaced with a small snapshot of the image. This button is equivalent to the “as Gallery” command on the View menu.

### The Thumbwheel

Use the thumbwheel to change the size of icons in that window. Place the cursor over the thumbwheel; then drag the cursor up to make the icons smaller or down to make the icons larger. To revert to the original size, click the small box below the thumbwheel.

## About the Icon Catalog Menus

This section provides basic information on each menu and its commands. Click an item in the list to get information on a particular menu.

- “The Page Menu on the Icon Catalog”

- “The Selected Menu on the Icon Catalog”

- “The Arrange Menu on the Icon Catalog”

- “The View Menu on the Icon Catalog”

### The Page Menu on the Icon Catalog

Each page in the Icon Catalog contains a collection of icons. You use commands on the Page menu to move from page to page and to create and remove pages.

Choose a command name from the list below for more details:

- “The “New Page” Command”

- “The “Rename” Command”

- “The “Remove” Command”

- “The “Page up” Command”

- “The “Page down” Command”

- “The “Quit” Command”

#### The “New Page” Command

The “New Page” command adds a new, empty page to the Icon Catalog. By default, the page is named “unnamed1.” Use the “Rename” command to specify a different name.

The new page is listed on the Find toolchest.

#### The “Rename” Command

Turn to a page in the Icon Catalog; then choose the “Rename” command to rename a page in the Icon Catalog. A window appears into which you type the new page name. The title bar and tab change to display the new name and this name appears on the Find toolchest.

#### The “Remove” Command

Choose the “Remove” command to delete the page you are currently displaying. A notifier appears asking if you are certain that you want to delete the page. You cannot remove the default pages. Turn to a default page, choose the “Remove” command, and you make any icons that you added to the page disappear.

#### The “Page up” Command

Choose the “Page up” command to display the previous page in the Icon Catalog.

#### The “Page down” Command

Choose the “Page down” command to display the next page in the Icon Catalog.

#### The “Quit” Command

Choose the “Quit” command when you are finished using the Icon Catalog. The window disappears.

### The Selected Menu on the Icon Catalog

Commands on the Selected menu affect the icons in the catalog that are selected. You can also access this menu by placing the cursor over background of the Icon Catalog, then pressing the right mouse button.

Choose a command name from the list below for more details:

- “The “Open Icon” Command”

- “The “Make Copy” Command”

- “The “Make Linked Copy” Command”

- “The “Remove” Command”

- “The “Print” Command”

- “The “Get Info” Command”

- “The “Permissions” Command”

- “The “Find an Icon” Command”

- “The “Put Away Icon” Command”

- “The “Hide Path” Command”

- “The “Show Path” Command”

#### The “Open Icon” Command

The “Open Icon” command opens a selected icon and displays its contents in a window. If you open a folder icon, you see a Directory View window that shows the contents of that directory. If you open a file icon, you can edit or view the file.

#### The “Make Copy” Command

The “Make Copy” command makes a copy of the selected file, folder, or application icon. The copy is named `copy_of_filename`. It appears on the page, next to the original icon, and is actually stored in your home directory. For example, suppose the file is named `copy_of_invite`. The full pathname for the file is `/usr/people/yourname/copy_of_invite`.

#### The “Make Linked Copy” Command

The “Make Linked Copy” command makes a linked copy of the selected file, folder, or application icon. A link lets you access an icon from several different places, and give it a unique name in each place.

When you make a linked copy, a copy of the icon appears next to the original one. It's named `link_to_filename` and has an “L” next to the icon. The linked copy appears on the page, next to the original icon, and also appears on the desktop and in your home directory.

| Note: You do not need to make a linked copy to access an icon from several different places. You can place an icon on the desktop, on a shelf, or on a page in the Icon Catalog. Doing so gives you another place from which to access the icon. See also “Making a Linked Copy” and “Giving Yourself Easy Access to Icons.”

#### The “Remove” Command

The “Remove” command removes the selected icon and places it in the dumpster directory. Placing a file in the dumpster is the first step to deleting the file from your computer's disk. See “Removing Files.”

| Note: You can change the behavior of the “Remove” command so that it deletes files rather than moving them into the dumpster. See “Disabling the Dumpster.”

#### The “Print” Command

The “Print” command sends the contents of the selected icon to your default printer. If you select a folder icon, you print a list of the files in that directory. If you select a file, you print the contents of the file (text or images, for example).

#### The “Permissions” Command

The “Permissions” command displays a form that lets you control who can and cannot view or edit a file or directory. For detailed instructions on changing file permissions, see Chapter 9, “Sharing and Protecting Work.”

#### The “Get Info” Command

The “Get Info” command displays a form that shows detailed information about the selected file, folder, or application icon. The command is gray and inaccessible if you have selected another type of icon.

#### The “Find an Icon” Command

The “Find an Icon” command opens a window into which you can type the name of an icon you want to find. For example, suppose you want to place the IRIS Showcase icon on the shelf for a a particular Directory View window. Choose “Find an Icon”; then type `showcase` in the type-in field. The icon appears. For further details, see “Finding Icons Using the “Find an Icon” Command.”

#### The “Put Away Icon” Command

If you don't want an icon to appear in the Icon Catalog any longer, select the icon; then choose “Put Away Icon.” The icon disappears from the page but the file is not deleted from the directory in which it is stored.

#### The “Show Path” Command

The “Show Path” command displays the folder in which that icon is actually located. For example, suppose the IRIS Showcase icon appears on a page in the Icon Catalog. Select the icon; then choose “Show Path.” A folder named `sbin` appears, and a thin line connects the IRIS Showcase icon to this folder. To hide the folder icon, select the icon; then choose “Put Away Icon.”

#### The “Hide Path” Command

When you choose “Show Path,” a thin line appears between the selected icon and the folder in which it's stored. Choose “Hide Path” and the connecting line disappears. To put away the folder icon, select the icon; then choose “Put Away Icon.”

#### The “Share...” Command

The “Share...” command appears on the menu when you select a folder icon. Choose this command if you want to let people who are logged in to other systems on the network access the selected directory from their own desktops. The Share window appears. Click the Help button on the window for further instructions.

### The Arrange Menu on the Icon Catalog

The Arrange menu contains commands that change the way icons are sorted, or arranged, in the window. Choose a command name from the list below for more details:

- “The “by Name” Command”

- “The “by Date” Command”

- “The “by Size” Command”

- “The “by Type” Command”

- “The “to Grid” Command”

#### The “by Name” Command

The “by Name” command arranges icons alphabetically; numerals, then capital letters, then lowercase letters.

#### The “by Date” Command

The “by Date” command arranges file icons in the window according to the date on which they were last modified.

#### The “by Size” Command

The “by Size” command arranges file icons in the window according to size (in bytes, from smallest to largest).

#### The “by Type” Command

The “by Type” command arranges icons by type.

#### The “to Grid” Command

The “to Grid” command snaps the icons to an invisible grid so they are in neat rows and columns.

### The View Menu on the Icon Catalog

The View menu contains commands that change the way icons are placed in the window. Choose a command name from the list below for more details:

- “The “as Icons” Command”

- “The “as Columns” Command”

- “The “as List” Command”

- “The “as Gallery” Command”

#### The “as Icons” Command

Choose the “as Icons” command to display the contents of a directory as icons.

#### The “as Columns” Command

Choose “as Columns” from the View menu to organize the icons in a window into columns. Only the icon name appears. Choose “as List” to see the size and modification date and time.

#### The “as List” Command

When you open a folder icon, the contents of the directory appear as icons. Choose “as List” to view the contents as a sorted list. The list includes

- the icon name. Tape and disk drive icons include the name of the system to which the device is connected. File icons include the full pathname so you know the directory in which the icon is stored.

- the size of the icon in bytes

- the date and time at which the icon was modified

Choose the “as Icons” command if you have changed the display and want to return to the default.

#### The “as Gallery” Command

Choose “as Gallery” to replace the standard image file icon with a small snapshot of that image.

### Keyboard Shortcuts for the Icon Catalog

Many commands on Icon Catalog menus have both a keyboard and a mnemonic shortcut. Standard keyboard shortcuts are listed on the right side of the menu; mnemonic shortcuts are indicated by an underlined letter. The following table lists the keyboard and mnemonic shortcuts.

Table 11-4. Shortcuts for commands on the Icon Catalog.

Command | Keyboard Shortcut | Mnemonic
--- | --- | ---
“New Page” | <Ctrl>-n | <Alt>-p; n
“Rename” | <Ctrl>-r | <Alt>-p; r
“Remove” |  | <Alt>-p; e
“Page Up” | <Page Up> | <Alt>-p; u
“Page Down” | <Page Down> | <Alt>-p; d
“Quit” | <Ctrl>-q | <Alt>-p; q
“Open Icon” | <Ctrl>-o | <Alt>-s; o
“Make Copy” | <Ctrl>-c | <Alt>-s; c
“Make Linked Copy” |  | <Alt>-s; l
“Remove” |  | <Alt>-s; e
“Print” | <Ctrl>-p | <Alt>-s; p
“Permissions” | <Ctrl>-s | <Alt>-s; s
“Get Info” | <Ctrl>-i | <Alt>-s; i
“Find an Icon” | <Ctrl>-f | <Alt>-s; f
“Put Away Icon” |  | <Alt>-s; a
“Show Path” |  | <Alt>-s;s
“Hide Path” |  | <Alt>-s; h
“by Name” |  | <Alt>-a; n
“by Date” |  | <Alt>-a; d
“by Size” |  | <Alt>-a; s
“by Type” |  | <Alt>-a; t
“to Grid” |  | <Alt>-a; g
“as Icons” |  | <Alt>-v; i
“as List” |  | <Alt>-v; l
“as Columns” |  | <Alt>-v; c
“as Gallery” |  | <Alt>-v; g
“Click for Help” | <Shift>-<F1> | <Alt>-h; c

## Anatomy of the Color Scheme Browser Window

### The Schemes List

The schemes list contains a list of schemes available on your system. You can choose a scheme you like and apply it to your desktop. You can also edit colors in a scheme and save these changes to the current scheme or to a scheme you create.

### The Sample Images

Every item in a window is assigned a color. The Color Scheme Browser contains several sample images that display a scheme's assigned colors for each of these items. These sample images include:

- “Basic Colors” displays a scheme's colors for the most frequently used items in a window, including buttons, scroll bars, and text input areas.

- “Additional Colors” displays a scheme's colors for any additional items in a window, including scrolled list items, accent colors, and errors.

- “Window Manager Colors” displays a scheme's colors for window borders.

- “Graphics Colors” displays fixed colors that applications assign to specific items when they want a color to have a consistent and recognizable meaning. These colors do not change color as schemes change. They merely darken or lighten in color, depending on the scheme.

### The Color Palette

The Color Palette contains a colored square for each color used in the displayed scheme. To find the assignment of a color, choose “Quick Help” from the Help menu, then move your cursor on top of a colored square to see the assignment. Click on a colored square to edit or change a color.

### The Shade Wheel

Move the shade wheel back and forth to lighten or darken the colors in a scheme. Click the button to the right of the shade wheel to return to the default shade.

## The Color Scheme Browser Menus

The Color Scheme Browser contains the following menus:

- “The Application Menu”

- “The Sample Image Menu”

- “The Help Menu”

### The Application Menu

The application menu contains the following commands:

- “The Save As Command”

- “The Remove Local Schemes Command”

- “The Remove Selected Scheme Command”

- “The Edit Mode Command”

- “The Quit Command”

#### The Save As Command

Use the “Save As” command when you want to save edits to a new scheme file rather than to the original scheme. When you save the file to the new name, the new scheme name appears in the schemes list.

#### The Remove Local Schemes Command

Use the “Remove Local Schemes” command to delete all edits made to schemes and return all schemes to their default colors. When you remove local schemes, names of schemes that contained edits change back from italic to the default font. Removing local schemes removes edits made to schemes on your account only.

#### The Remove Selected Scheme Command

Use the “Remove Selected Scheme” command when you want to remove local edits made to a selected scheme or when you want to remove a scheme you created.

#### The Edit Mode Command

Choose “Edit Mode” when you want to change colors in a chosen scheme. Click on a color in the Color Palette to open the Scheme Editor Color Browser and change the color. Use “Quick Help” to find color assignments for colors in the scheme.

#### The Quit Command

Choose “Quit” when you finish using the Color Scheme Browser. The window closes.

### The Sample Image Menu

The sample images menu contains the following:

- “The Basic Colors Command”

- “The Additional Colors Command”

- “The Window Manager Colors Command”

- “The Graphics Colors Command”

#### The Basic Colors Command

“Basic Colors” displays a scheme's colors for the most frequently used items in a window, including buttons, scroll bars, and text input areas.

#### The Additional Colors Command

“Additional Colors” displays a scheme's colors for any additional items in a window, including scrolled list items, accent colors, and errors.

#### The Window Manager Colors Command

“Window Manager Colors” displays a scheme's colors for window borders.

#### The Graphics Colors Command

“Graphics Colors” displays fixed colors that applications assign to specific items when they want a color to have a consistent and recognizable meaning. These colors do not change color as schemes change. They merely darken or lighten in color, depending on the scheme.

### The Help Menu

The Help menu provides help on the Color Scheme Browser.

- Use “Click for Help” when you want information on an item in the Color Scheme Browser window. Choose “Click for Help.” The cursor changes into a question mark. Move the question mark on top of an item, then click on the item for information.

- Use “Quick Help” when you want to know the assignments of colors in a chosen scheme. Choose “Quick Help,” then move your cursor over items in the sample scheme display and the Color Palette. The assignment for each color appears next to the cursor and at the bottom of the Color Scheme Browser window.

- Use the other menu items for information on how to use the Color Scheme Browser.

## Understanding the makeDotDesktop Window

The makeDotDesktop window appears under the following circumstances:

- You have login accounts on several systems.

- You have mounted your home directory so that you use the same home directory on all systems.

- You are logging in to one of the systems for the first time.

The makeDotDesktop window lets you choose whether you want your desktop to be the same as or different from the desktop on the other systems. This is controlled via a session file. The file determines which desks are available and which windows are open when you log in to the system. You have the following choices:

- If you want a different desktop on that system, click the box next to “Create a new desktop environment.” Your working environment is unique to that system.

- If you want to use another system's session file as a starting point, select a system from the list at the top of the window; then click the box next to “Copy the desktop environment from the selected machine.”

- If you want the desktop on all systems to be the same, every time you log in to any of the system, select a system from the list at the top of the window; then click the box next to “Share (i.e. link) the desktop environment with the selected machine.”

## About the Error Message Window

By default, many applications display error messages in dialog boxes. On occasion, an application displays error message in the console window. You can change this behavior so that hidden error messages are displayed in this pop-up window. To disable the output window, open the Desktop Settings control panel, then click Display Application Errors. The window is disabled when the checkmark disappears.

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Chapter 10. Customizing the Desktop |  | Appendix A. Using IRIX Commands